TallToe

Tetraodontiform, Feeding habits

2005-03-23T00:14:00.000-08:00

As one would suspect from their usually well-developed and massive dentition, often with the teeth fused together in a parrotlike beak, most tetraodontiforms feed on hard-shelled crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms. But some, with massive, crushing jaws and teeth, such as the ocean sunfishes, often feed extensively on such soft-bodied invertebrates as jellyfishes

China, Later innovations

2005-03-22T22:25:00.000-08:00

In the 15th century new institutions were gradually devised to provide needed coordination both in the central government and in regional administration. Later emperors found the Hung-wu emperor's system of highly centralized power and fragmented government structure inefficient and inconvenient. Litterateurs of the traditional and prestigious Hanlin

Skate

2005-03-20T20:26:00.000-08:00

In zoology, any of numerous flat-bodied, cartilaginous fishes constituting the suborder Rajoidea of the order Batoidei (skates, rays, and others). Skates are found in most parts of the world, from tropical to near-Arctic waters and from the shallows to depths of more than 2,700 metres (8,900 feet). Nine genera of skates are placed in three families: Rajidae, Arynchobatidae,

Le Chapelier, Jean

2005-03-17T03:15:00.000-08:00

Beginning

Lens Dislocation

2005-03-16T03:22:00.000-08:00

Abnormal position of the crystalline lens of the eye. The dislocation, which may be congenital or acquired, has as its immediate cause weakness or loss of a portion of the ligaments that anchor the lens to the ciliary muscle.

Jazz

2005-03-13T16:43:00.000-08:00

Whereas most of these postwar musicians worked out their individual styles through personal explorations within the central modern tradition, the arrival of saxophonist Ornette Coleman and trumpeter Donald Cherry constituted an even more radical break from the recent past. Eschewing conventional key and time signatures, Coleman also abandoned all the

Aschelminth, Importance

2005-03-12T02:47:00.000-08:00

The aschelminths are primarily particle feeders, grazing on bacteria, microfungi, algae, and protozoans, though some are predators on other aschelminths. As such they play important roles in recycling nutrients, which then become available for plant growth, and in promoting the decomposition of dead organic matter. Aschelminths are at the base of many food

Earth Exploration, Magnetic methods

2005-03-10T07:33:00.000-08:00

Measurements can be made of the Earth's total magnetic field or of components of the field in various directions. The oldest magnetic prospecting instrument is the magnetic compass, which measures the field direction. Other instruments include magnetic balances and fluxgate magnetometers. Most magnetic surveys are made with proton-precession or optical-pumping

Zinn, Walter Henry

2005-03-08T13:28:00.000-08:00

In 1934 Zinn received a Ph.D. from Columbia University in New York. He was recruited by Enrico Fermi for the Manhattan Project, and it was he who, at the University

Yerby, Frank

2005-03-05T18:30:00.000-08:00

Yerby's story “Health Card” won the O. Henry Memorial Award for best first published short story in 1944. In 1946 his first novel, The Foxes of Harrow, was an immediate success. His novels are action-packed, usually featuring a strong hero in an earlier period. The stories unfold in colourful language

Regina

2005-03-03T05:07:00.000-08:00

Capital and largest city of Saskatchewan, Canada, on Wascana Creek, in the south-central part of the province. It originated as a hunters' camp and was known as Pile O'Bones for the heaps of bones left there after skinning and cutting buffalo. Captain John Palliser, the explorer, visited the site in 1857 and called it Wascana (derived from its Cree Indian name, Oskana); with the

Neo-impressionism

2005-03-01T19:19:00.000-08:00

Movement in French painting of the late 19th century that reacted against the empirical realism of Impressionism by relying on systematic calculation and scientific theory to achieve predetermined visual effects. Whereas the Impressionist painters spontaneously recorded nature in terms of the fugitive effects of colour and light, the Neo-Impressionists

Miles, Bernard

2005-02-27T20:32:00.000-08:00

Miles studied at Pembroke College, Oxford, and taught briefly before quitting to pursue an acting career. He made his professional

Metatexis

2005-02-26T04:44:00.000-08:00

The process in which the magma-like portion of migmatites (mixed rocks that have granitic layers or veinlike bodies) is emplaced within a host rock of different composition. Migmatites may form by the injection of granitic magma (the metatect) into the host or by the partial fusion of the host itself; they form under the most extreme temperatures and pressures reached

Pacific Ocean, General works

2005-02-24T04:25:00.000-08:00

Comprehensive summaries of information about the Pacific Ocean and its seas are found in Alastair Couper (ed.), The Times Atlas and Encyclopaedia of the Sea, 2nd ed. (1989), with excellent maps and text covering the ocean environment, resources, ocean trade, strategic use of the seas, law of the sea, problems of pollution, and scientific research; and Martyn Bramwell (ed.), The Rand McNally Atlas of the Oceans (1977, reprinted 1987), with specific sections on bathymetry, structural geology, reefs and islands circulation, mineral resources, and living resources. See also M. Grant Gross, Oceanography, a View of the Earth, 5th ed. (1990), offering topical rather than regional coverage, but with numerous examples based on the Pacific Ocean; Rhodes W. Fairbridge (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Oceanography (1966), with articles on the Pacific and its seas; and the articles pertaining to the Pacific in the periodical Oceanus (quarterly), particularly vol. 32, no. 4 (Winter 1989/90), which is devoted to the Pacific.

Paraldehyde

2005-02-21T15:32:00.000-08:00

Also called paracetaldehyde colourless liquid of disagreeable taste and pungent odour used in medicine as a sedative–hypnotic drug and in chemistry in the manufacture of organic chemicals. When administered as a medicine, it is largely excreted by the lungs and gives an unpleasant odour to the breath. It is most useful for recalcitrant cases and is an older drug for treatment of acute alcoholic

Radiation

2005-02-20T23:34:00.000-08:00

Either the process by which energy is emitted from a source and propagated through the surrounding medium or the energy involved in this process. Familiar examples of radiant energy include light (a form of electromagnetic radiation) and sound (a form of acoustic radiation). Both electromagnetic and acoustic radiations are commonly described as waves that can

Mitnagged

2005-02-18T23:27:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Misnagid (Hebrew: Opponent), plural Mitnaggedim, or Misnagidim, member of a group of tradition-minded Jews who vigorously opposed the mid-18th-century Hasidic movement of eastern Europe when it threatened to encompass large numbers of Jews. Under the leadership of Elijah ben Solomon, called the Vilna Gaon, the Mitnaggedim excommunicated all Hasidic groups from Orthodox Jewish communities. The Hasidim were accused of espousing

Atchafalaya Bay

2005-02-16T23:41:00.000-08:00

Arm of the Gulf of Mexico, extending southeastward along the southern coast of Louisiana, U.S., for 21 miles (34 km) from Point Chevreuil to Point Au Fer on Point Au Fer Island. The bay is 10 miles (16 km) wide, and Four League Bay extends another 11 miles (18 km) to the southeast. Eugene Island lies on a long shell reef extending 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Point Au Fer. The Lower Atchafalaya River links

Meleager

2005-02-13T20:14:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, the leader of the Calydonian boar hunt. The Iliad relates how Meleager's father, King Oeneus (q.v.) of Calydon, had omitted to sacrifice to Artemis, who sent a wild boar to ravage the country. Meleager collected a band of heroes to drive it away and eventually killed it himself. The Calydonians and the Curetes (neighbouring warriors who aided in the hunt)

Alexander

2005-02-12T22:34:00.000-08:00

The second son of King Constantine (ruled 1913–17 and 1920–22) and Queen Sophia, Alexander became king (June 12, 1917) when his father was forced by the Allies of World War I to abdicate and thereby allow his country to join them in the war. Shortly after Alexander's accession to the throne, Eleuthérios Venizélos became premier of

Lutheran Church In America

2005-02-10T02:38:00.000-08:00

Lutheran church in North America that in 1988 merged with two other Lutheran churches to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (q.v.).

Parallel Evolution

2005-02-07T14:56:00.000-08:00

The evolution of geographically separated groups in such a way that they show morphological resemblances. A notable example is the similarity shown by the marsupial mammals of Australia to the placental mammals elsewhere. Through the courses of their evolution they have come to remarkably similar forms, so much so that the marsupials are often named for their

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Of Antioch And All The East

2005-02-06T09:24:00.000-08:00

The authority of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East was limited after the Council of Chalcedon (451) to the community known as Romans,

Deep-sea Trench

2005-02-04T18:32:00.000-08:00

Trenches generally lie seaward of and parallel to adjacent island arcs or mountain ranges

Chancroid

2005-02-02T13:17:00.000-08:00

Acute, localized, chiefly sexually transmitted disease, usually of the genital area, caused by the bacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. It is characterized by the appearance, 3–5 days after exposure, of a painful, shallow ulcer at the site of infection. Such an ulcer is termed a soft chancre, as opposed to a hard chancre, which is the characteristic lesion of the primary stage of

Flood

2005-01-31T02:08:00.000-08:00

High-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain. The effects of floods on human well-being range from unqualified blessings to catastrophes. The regular seasonal spring floods of the Nile River prior to construction of the Aswan High Dam, for example, were depended upon to

Nixon, Pat

2005-01-28T06:02:00.000-08:00

Richard Nixon was forced to resign as president for his involvement in the Watergate affair, and on August 9, 1974, the Nixons retired, first to California and then to New Jersey. She died of lung cancer in 1993 at her New Jersey home and was buried at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California.

Uccello, Paolo

2005-01-26T10:29:00.000-08:00

The standard and most readable and complete work on Uccello (and his followers) in English is John Pope-Hennessy, Paolo Uccello, 2nd ed. (1969). Eve Borsook discusses Uccello's Florentine frescoes in The Mural Painters of Tuscany, from Cimabue to Andrea del Sarto (1960). Uccello's role in the investigation of perspective is mentioned by John White in The Birth and Rebirth of Pictorial Space, 2nd ed. (1967); and this subject is treated more fully by Alessandro Parronchi in Studi su la dolce prospettiva (1964).

Painting, Western

2005-01-24T08:25:00.000-08:00

In the Metal Age, western Mediterranean cultures were similar at many points. The area occupied by them extended from Illyria (the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula) in the east to the Atlantic shores of the Iberian Peninsula in the west and from the shores along the Gulf of Lion and the Ligurian Sea (i.e., the coasts of what are now southern France and northwestern

Jam And Lewis

2005-01-23T10:19:00.000-08:00

Jam and Lewis's emergence as major record producers was kick-started by Prince's pique. Keyboard player Jimmy Jam (James Harris III) and bassist Terry Lewis played together in local Minneapolis bands while in high school, graduating to Flyte Tyme, which evolved into Prince's backing band, the Time, in 1981. When Jam and Lewis produced the SOS Band's hit “Just Be Good to Me” in 1983, they

Gaugamela, Battle Of

2005-01-21T00:09:00.000-08:00

Also called Battle of Arbela (Oct. 1, 331 BC) clash between the forces of Alexander the Great of Macedonia and Darius III of Persia that decided the fate of the Persian empire. Attempting to stop Alexander's incursion into the Persian empire, Darius prepared a battleground on the Plain of Gaugamela, near Arbela (present-day Irbil in northern Iraq), and posted his troops to await Alexander's advance. Darius had

Esref Dynasty

2005-01-18T22:23:00.000-08:00

The dynasty traced its origins to a Turkmen tribe that was settled by the Seljuqs of Anatolia on the western frontier. The family's founder, Esref oglu Sayfeddin Süleyman I, was a Seljuq emir who played an important role in Seljuq dynastic struggles during the reign (1283–98) of the Seljuq sultan Mas'ud

Hull, Albert Wallace

2005-01-17T00:00:00.000-08:00

American physicist who independently discovered the powder method of X-ray analysis of crystals, which permits the study of crystalline materials in a finely divided microcrystalline, or powder, state. He also invented a number of electron tubes that have found wide application as components in electronic

Metamorphosis

2005-01-15T14:27:00.000-08:00

In biology, striking change of form or structure in an individual after hatching or birth. Hormones called molting and juvenile hormones, which are not species specific, apparently regulate the changes. These physical changes as well as those involving growth and differentiation are accompanied by alterations of the organism's physiology, biochemistry, and

Amelanchier

2005-01-13T02:43:00.000-08:00

Genus of flowering shrubs and small trees of the rose family (Rosaceae), several species of which have entered cultivation as ornamental plants. Most species are North American; exceptions include the shrubby A. ovalis, which ranges over Europe, and A. asiatica, a small tree of East Asia. A number of amelanchiers are variously called juneberry,

Furniture, Kitchen furniture and furnishings

2005-01-10T06:16:00.000-08:00

Kitchen furniture and furnishings go back to antiquity. In the Middle Ages, the kitchen, with its fireplace, was the most centrally placed room in the home. Later, closed fireplaces were constructed in the form of stoves; and cupboards, sinks, and plate racks were fixed to the wall. The kitchen in a modern home, if not combined with a dining area, is a small room filled with

Wakan

2005-01-09T23:03:00.000-08:00

Also called Wakonda, or Wakanda, among various American Indian groups, a great spiritual power of supernatural origin belonging to some natural objects. Wakan may be conceived of as a weak or strong power; the weak powers can be ignored, but the strong ones must be placated. Poisonous plants and reptiles can contain wakan, as can intoxicating drinks. Wakan beings are the immortal supernatural powers

Yerkes, Robert M.

2005-01-06T15:34:00.000-08:00

After graduating from Ursinus College, Yerkes took his Ph.D. degree at Harvard University in 1902 and then served first as instructor and then as professor of psychology at Harvard until 1917. His early studies of the behaviour

The Anti-suffragist

2005-01-04T23:46:00.000-08:00

In July 1908 the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage published the first issue of The Anti-Suffragist. The quarterly magazine echoed the views of the antisuffragism movement, which began in Massachusetts

Alkali Flat

2005-01-02T10:07:00.000-08:00

Also called Salina, or Salt Flat, a playa, or dried-out desert lake, especially one containing high concentrations of precipitated dry, glistening salts. The term is generally limited to flats in the western United States, the most famous being the Bonneville Salt Flats (q.v.) west of Salt Lake City, where automobile speed records are set.

Ibn Al-athir

2005-01-01T20:35:00.000-08:00

Ibn al-Athir spent a scholarly life in Mosul, but often visited Baghdad. He was for a time with Saladin's army in Syria and later lived in Aleppo and Damascus. His chief work was a history of the world, al-Kamil fi at-tarikh (“The Complete History”), starting with

Alexander I

2004-12-30T11:39:00.000-08:00

Byname Alexander Philhellene, or Alexander The Wealthy 10th king of ancient Macedonia, who succeeded his father, Amyntas I, about 500 BC. More than a decade earlier, Macedonia had become a vassal state of Persia; and in 480 Alexander was obliged to accompany Xerxes I in a campaign through Greece, though he secretly aided the Greek allies. With Xerxes' apparent acquiescence, Alexander seized the Greek colony of Pydna and advanced his

Austin, Louis Winslow

2004-12-28T06:16:00.000-08:00

Physicist known for research on long-range radio transmissions. He was educated at Middlebury College, Vermont, and the University of Strasbourg, Germany. In 1904 he began work on radio transmissions for the U.S. Bureau of Standards. In 1908 Austin became head of a naval radiotelegraphy laboratory at the bureau (later to become the Naval Research

Dragon

2004-12-25T11:56:00.000-08:00

Legendary monster usually conceived as a huge, bat-winged, fire-breathing, scaly lizard or snake with a barbed tail. The belief in these creatures apparently arose without the slightest knowledge on the part of the ancients of the gigantic, prehistoric, dragon-like reptiles. In Greece the word drakon, from which the English word was derived, was used originally for any

Nagaland, The economy

2004-12-22T04:42:00.000-08:00

Agriculture employs about 90 percent of the population. Rice, corn (maize), small millets, pulses (legumes such as peas and beans), oilseeds, fibres, sugarcane, potato, and tobacco are the principal crops. Nagaland, however, still has to depend on imports of food from neighbouring states. The widespread practice of jhum has led to soil erosion and loss of soil fertility. Only the

Aelle

2004-12-19T20:15:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Aella, or Aelli first king of Deira in northern England, whose people threw off the Bernician overlordship upon the death of Ida, king of Bernicia. Aelle became king in 559, while Ida's descendants continued to reign in the northern kingdom. On Aelle's death the Bernician king Aethelric again subdued Deira, but Aelle's son Edwin (q.v.) would return to rule as the most powerful English ruler

Computers, From Star Trek to Microsoft

2004-12-18T08:43:00.000-08:00

The first programs developed for the hobbyists' microcomputers were games. With the early machines limited in graphic capabilities, most of these were text-based adventure or role-playing games. However, there were a few graphical games, such as Star Trek, which were popular on mainframes and minicomputers and were converted to run on microcomputers. One company

La Galissonnière, Roland-michel Barrin, Marquis De

2004-12-16T13:03:00.000-08:00

La Galissonnière was the son of a naval lieutenant-general and studied at the College of Beauvais in Paris. He became a midshipman in the French navy in 1710 and, in the following year, made the first of a number of voyages on the Heros carrying supplies to Canada. Some 26 years later he commanded

Andocides

2004-12-14T17:43:00.000-08:00

Born into one of the most prominent Athenian families, Andocides was imprisoned on suspicion of having taken part in the mutilation of the sacred busts called herms shortly before the departure of Athens' military expedition to Sicily in 415. These mutilations caused a general panic, and Andocides was induced to turn informer

Alizarin

2004-12-11T19:42:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Alizarine, a red dye originally obtained from the root of the common madder plant, Rubia tinctorum, in which it occurs combined with the sugars xylose and glucose. The cultivation of madder and the use of its ground root for dyeing by the complicated Turkey red process were known in ancient India, Persia, and Egypt; the use spread to Asia Minor about the 10th century and was introduced

Can Tho

2004-12-09T01:28:00.000-08:00

Municipality and provincial seat of Hau Giang tinh (province), Mekong delta region, southeastern Vietnam. Situated on the left bank of the Song (river) Hau Giang, 90 mi (145 km) southwest of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), it is an industrial centre and the largest city of the flat delta region, which includes the Ca Mau Peninsula and the principal rice-growing areas of the country.

Bukittinggi

2004-12-07T09:59:00.000-08:00

Formerly Fort De Kock, city, Sumatera Barat provinsi (“province”), Sumatra, Indonesia. It lies at an elevation of 3,000 feet (900 m) on the Agam Plateau, a ridge of high land parallel to the coast. The city is in the Minangkabau country, one of the most scenic sections of Indonesia. Typical of the region are houses with saddle-shaped roofs, the ends pointing upward like buffalo horns. Bukittinggi is an important

Ashland

2004-12-05T03:42:00.000-08:00

City, Jackson county, southwestern Oregon, U.S. It lies along Bear Creek, in the southern reaches of the Rogue River valley, at the base of the Siskiyou Mountains, just southeast of Medford. Settled in 1852 (during a gold rush) and laid out in 1860, it was named for both Ashland county, Ohio, and Ashland, Kentucky, and was known as Ashland Mills for its sawmills and gristmills. It was located

Cordgrass

2004-12-03T02:37:00.000-08:00

Most species grow in clumps, with short flower spikes alternating along and often adherent to the upper portion of the stems,

Robber Fly

2004-12-01T15:11:00.000-08:00

Also called Assassin Fly, any predatory insect of the family Asilidae (order Diptera), numbering about 4,000 species, worldwide in distribution. These flies have variable lengths that range to almost 8 cm (3 inches). They are the largest of all flies. Most are dull in colour, and their stout bodies resemble those of bumble bees. Between the large-faceted eyes is a moustache of bristles. The long legs are adapted

Bewick, Thomas

2004-11-29T14:23:00.000-08:00

Bewick, a precocious youth, was apprenticed to a local metal engraver when he was 14 years old. He progressed rapidly and, after his apprenticeship, entered

Ustaa

2004-11-27T08:40:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ustasha , plural Ustaše Croatian fascist movement that nominally ruled the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. In 1929, when King Alexander I tried to suppress the conflict between Croatian and Serbian political parties by imposing a personal dictatorial regime in Yugoslavia, Ante Pavelic, a former delegate to Parliament and an advocate of Croatian separatism, fled to Italy

Arias Dávila, Pedro

2004-11-25T17:00:00.000-08:00

A soldier in his youth, Arias Dávila served with distinction in wars against the Moors in Granada in the 1490s and in North Africa in 1508–11. It is believed that he owed his appointment as captain

Biblical Literature, Psalms

2004-11-23T01:53:00.000-08:00

The Psalms (from Greek psalmas, “song”) are poems and hymns, dating from various periods in the history of Israel, that were assembled for use at public worship and that have continued to play a central role in the liturgy and prayer life of both Jews and Christians. Known in Hebrew as Tehillim (Songs of Praise), the Psalter (the traditional English term for the Psalms, from

Mcgwire, Mark

2004-11-21T04:15:00.000-08:00

As a senior in high school, McGwire attracted more attention with his

Roland (de La Platière), Jeanne-marie

2004-11-19T10:35:00.000-08:00

Jeanne-Marie Phlipon was the daughter of a Paris engraver. Brilliant and cultured, she absorbed the democratic ideas of Jean-Jacques

Raynaud's Disease

2004-11-18T17:52:00.000-08:00

Disease, occurring primarily in young women, in which spasms in the arteries to the fingers cause the fingertips of both hands to become first pale and then cyanotic—bluish—upon exposure to cold or in response to emotion. Often the fingertips become cold and numb and perspire. The fingers may ache and move awkwardly. If the attack is prolonged, the rest of the hands and

Raynaud's Disease

2004-11-15T07:32:00.000-08:00

Armoured ornithischian dinosaurs that lived 70 million to 65 million years ago in North America during the Late Cretaceous Period. Ankylosaurus is a genus belonging to a larger group (infraorder Ankylosauria) of related four-legged, herbivorous, heavily armoured dinosaurs that flourished throughout the Cretaceous Period (144 million to 65 million years

Mauritania, European intervention

2004-11-14T01:35:00.000-08:00

In 1442 Portuguese mariners rounded Cape Blanc, and in 1448 they founded the fort of Arguin, whence traders derived gold, gum arabic, and slaves. Later French and English shipping frequented Portendick, and the French settled at Saint-Louis at the mouth of the Sénégal River. In 1858 Colonel Louis Faidherbe waged a military campaign that ended Moorish domination in lower Sénégal.

Rockwell International Corporation

2004-11-12T08:29:00.000-08:00

The main company was incorporated in 1928 as North American Aviation, Inc., a holding company for a number of aviation companies, but it switched to aircraft manufacturing when it received a contract

Egypt, The interwar period

2004-11-07T09:10:00.000-08:00

Fu'ad was never popular and felt insecure, and was therefore prepared to intrigue with the nationalists or with the British to secure his position and powers. The Wafd, with its mass following, elaborate organization, and (until his death in 1927) charismatic leader in Zaghlul, was the only truly national party in Egypt. Ideologically, it stood for national independence against

Annatto

2004-11-05T07:24:00.000-08:00

(Bixa orellana), tree native to the New World tropics and the only species of the family Bixaceae. Annatto grows up to 9 m (30 feet) tall and has rose-pink flowers about 5 cm (2 inches) wide and ovalish leaves about 8 to 18 cm long. The brown seed pods, about 5 cm long, yield a reddish or yellowish powder that is used in a dye for butter, cheese, and oleomargarine. The plant is cultivated in tropical

Amortization

2004-11-03T03:21:00.000-08:00

An example of the first meaning is a mortgage on a home, which may be repaid in monthly installments that include interest and a gradual reduction of the principal obligation. Such systematic annual reduction increases the safety factor

Palamas, Saint Gregory

2004-11-02T16:59:00.000-08:00

Orthodox monk, theologian, and intellectual leader of Hesychasm, an ascetical method of mystical prayer that integrates repetitive prayer formulas with bodily postures and controlled breathing. He was appointed bishop of Thessalonica in 1347. In 1368 he was acclaimed a saint

Burgess, Hugh

2004-10-31T08:46:00.000-08:00

Little is known of his early life. In 1851 he and Watt developed a process in which pulpwood was cut into small chips, boiled in a solution of caustic alkali at high temperature and pressure in a closed container,

Leverhulme (of The Western Isles), William Hesketh Lever, 1st Viscount, Baron Leverhulme Of Bolton-le-moors

2004-10-28T21:40:00.000-07:00

Lever entered the soap business in 1885, when he leased a small, unprofitable soapworks. With his brother, James Darcy Lever, he began to make soap from vegetable oils instead of tallow and registered the name “Sunlight” for the product.

Vision

2004-10-26T18:11:00.000-07:00

Physiological process of distinguishing, usually by means of an organ such as the eye, the shapes and colours of objects. See eye; photoreception; sense.

Maurist

2004-10-25T16:14:00.000-07:00

Member of a congregation of French Benedictine monks founded in 1618 and devoted to strict observance of the Benedictine Rule and especially to historical and ecclesiastical scholarship. Dom Gregory Tarrisse (1575–1648), the first president, desired to make scholarship the congregation's distinguishing feature; he organized schools of training and set up their headquarters

Biblical Literature, Nature and significance

2004-10-23T02:20:00.000-07:00

Biblical exegesis is the actual interpretation of the sacred book, the bringing out of its meaning; hermeneutics is the study and establishment of the principles by which it is to be interpreted. Where the biblical writings are interpreted on a historical perspective, just as with philological and other ancient documents, there is little call for a special discipline

Biblical Literature, Nature and significance

2004-10-20T20:25:00.000-07:00

Administrative agency established by a treaty ratified in 1952, designed to integrate the coal and steel industries in western Europe. The original members of the ECSC were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The organization subsequently expanded to include all members of the European Economic Community (later renamed the European

Discus Fish

2004-10-19T04:59:00.000-07:00

Two species of the genus Symphysodon of fishes in the family Cichlidae (order Perciformes), characterized by a compressed, disk-shaped body. The two species (S. discus and S. aequifasciata) occur naturally in tributaries of the Amazon River in South America. Discus fish have an unusual form of parental care: the adults secrete a mucuslike substance onto their skin that

Ursuline

2004-10-16T01:58:00.000-07:00

Member of Order of Saint Ursula (O.S.U.) a Roman Catholic religious order of women founded at Brescia, Italy, in 1535, by St. Angela Merici, as the first institute for women dedicated exclusively to the education of girls. Angela and her 28 companions placed themselves under the protection of St. Ursula, a legendary 4th-century martyr whose cult was popular in medieval Europe. The original Ursulines remained in their

Paraguay, Flag Of

2004-10-15T17:52:00.000-07:00

Isolated from much of the rest of Spanish-dominated South America, Paraguay developed a unique flag design. The earliest known emblem (c. 1812) of local independence was based on the Spanish flag; it had red-yellow-blue stripes with a coat of arms. Later the colour blue was used in two quite different flags—one of equal horizontal stripes of blue and yellow, the other a plain

Durand-ruel, Paul

2004-10-13T02:38:00.000-07:00

Durand-Ruel began his career in his father's art gallery, which he inherited in 1865. At the outset he concentrated on buying the work of Barbizon artists—particularly Camille Corot, Charles-François Daubigny, and Jules Dupré—and for

Hull, Bobby

2004-10-10T00:45:00.000-07:00

At age 12 Hull was playing organized hockey on a team with his father. He was put on the Blackhawks' negotiating list, and thereafter he played amateur hockey with

Eyzies-de-tayac Caves

2004-10-09T18:10:00.000-07:00

Rymer, Thomas

2004-10-06T05:22:00.000-07:00

Rymer left the University of Cambridge without taking a degree and began to study law at Gray's

Bohemian School

2004-10-04T17:19:00.000-07:00

School of the visual arts that flourished in and around Prague under the patronage of Charles IV, king of Bohemia from 1346 and Holy Roman emperor from 1355 to 1378. Prague, as Charles's principal residence, attracted many foreign artists and local masters. Although it was heavily exposed to the artistic traditions of France and northern Italy (mainly through the

Pachuca

2004-10-03T15:29:00.000-07:00

In full Pachuca De Soto, capital city, Hidalgo estado (“state”), east-central Mexico. It was one of the first settlements in New Spain and lies in a rich mining district in the Sierra Madre Oriental, 7,959 feet (2,426 m) above sea level. Its first silver mine was discovered in 1534, though it is said that some of the mines were known to pre-Columbian Indians. The nearby Real del Monte mine, begun in 1739 and still in operation,

Daché, Lilly

2004-10-01T19:50:00.000-07:00

Daché left school at the age of 14 and was apprenticed to her aunt, a milliner in Bordeaux, and later to the famous milliner Caroline Reboux of Paris. In 1924 Daché moved to New York City, where she worked as a salesclerk at Macy's

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

2004-09-29T00:50:00.000-07:00

Also called LP gas , or LPG any of several liquid mixtures of the volatile hydrocarbons propene, propane, butene, and butane. It was used as early as 1860 for a portable fuel source, and its production and consumption for both domestic and industrial use have expanded ever since. A typical commercial mixture may also contain ethane and ethylene as well as a volatile mercaptan, an odorant added as

Sun Worship

2004-09-27T16:28:00.000-07:00

Although sun worship has been used frequently as a term for “pagan” religion, it is, in fact, relatively rare. Though almost every culture uses solar motifs, only a relatively few cultures (Egyptian, Indo-European, and Meso-American) developed solar religions. All of these

Printmaking, Lift-ground etching (sugar-lift aquatint)

2004-09-25T15:11:00.000-07:00

In lift-ground etching, a positive image is etched on an aquatint plate by drawing with a water-soluble ground. In the conventional aquatint technique, the artist controls the image by stopping out negative areas with varnish, thus working around the positive image. But for lift-ground etching, he uses a viscous liquid (such as India ink, gamboge, or ordinary poster paint

Wage And Salary

2004-09-23T04:58:00.000-07:00

Income derived from human labour. Technically, all payments for the use of labour, mental or physical, are covered, but in ordinary usage the terms exclude income of the self-employed and are restricted to compensation of employees. Occasionally fringe benefits are included, but generally they are not. The terms are not fully synonymous with labour costs, which may

Earth, The ionospheric dynamo

2004-09-21T16:17:00.000-07:00

Above the Earth's surface, the next source of magnetic field is the ionospheric dynamo—an electric current system flowing in the planet's ionosphere. Beginning at about 50 kilometres and extending above 1,000 kilometres with a maximum at 400 kilometres, the ionosphere is formed primarily by the action of sunlight on atmospheric particles. There, sunlight strips electrons

Grub Street

2004-09-16T11:52:00.000-07:00

The world of literary hacks, or mediocre, needy writers who write for hire. The term originated in the 18th century. According to Dr. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, Grub Street was “originally the name of a street in Moorfields in London, much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems; whence any mean production is called grubstreet.” The street

Earth Sciences, Glacier motion and the high-latitude ice sheets

2004-09-14T21:35:00.000-07:00

Beginning around 1948, principles and techniques in metallurgy and solid-state physics were brought to bear on the mechanics of glacial movements. Laboratory studies showed that glacial ice deforms like other crystalline solids (such as metals) at temperatures near the melting point. Continued stress produces permanent deformation. In addition to plastic deformation

Cordemoy, (louis-)géraud De

2004-09-12T16:41:00.000-07:00

French historian and philosopher, who showed considerable originality in his development of the general principles of physical theory. He introduced a new atomism into the mechanistic system of René Descartes by linking unity and substantiality; matter is homogeneous but contains a multiplicity of bodies each of which is an individual substance.

Lloyd, John Henry

2004-09-11T15:11:00.000-07:00

Lloyd's well-traveled Negro league career began in 1905, when he was a catcher for the Macon Acmes. He played second base for the Cuban X-Giants the following year. For the bulk of his career, Lloyd played

Clanny, William Reid

2004-09-09T03:31:00.000-07:00

Educated at the University of Edinburgh (M.D.), Clanny served with the navy before becoming a private practitioner. In

France, History Of, Clovis

2004-09-07T23:39:00.000-07:00

Clovis (ruled 481/482–511), the son of Childeric, unified Gaul with the exception of areas in the southeast.

Aide-de-camp

2004-09-05T00:04:00.000-07:00

(French: “camp assistant”), an officer on the personal staff of a general, admiral, or other high-ranking commander who acts as his confidential secretary in routine matters. On Napoleon's staff such officers were frequently of high military qualifications and acted both as his “eyes” and as interpreters of his mind to subordinate commanders, even on occasion exercising

Zaporizhzhya

2004-09-02T15:44:00.000-07:00

Russian Zaporozhye, also spelled Zaporozhe, or Zaporozje, oblast (province), southeastern Ukraine. It encompasses the northwestern shore of the Sea of Azov and stretches inland across the coastal plain, the Azov Upland, and the Dnieper Plain to the Dnieper River to include a very small part of that river's right-bank area. The entire oblast lies within the steppe zone, although much of the natural grass cover has been plowed

Elijah

2004-09-01T15:07:00.000-07:00

Elijah was from Tishbe in Gilead. The narrative in 1 Kings relates how he suddenly appears during Ahab's reign to proclaim a drought in punishment of the cult of Baal that Jezebel was promoting in Israel at Yahweh's expense. Later Elijah meets 450 prophets of Baal in a contest of strength on Mount Carmel to determine which deity is the true God of Israel. Sacrifices are placed

TallToe

Tetraodontiform, Feeding habits

China, Later innovations

Skate

Le Chapelier, Jean

Lens Dislocation

Jazz

Aschelminth, Importance

Earth Exploration, Magnetic methods

Zinn, Walter Henry

Yerby, Frank

Regina

Neo-impressionism

Miles, Bernard

Metatexis

Pacific Ocean, General works

Paraldehyde

Radiation

Mitnagged

Atchafalaya Bay

Meleager

Alexander

Lutheran Church In America

Parallel Evolution

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Of Antioch And All The East

Deep-sea Trench

Chancroid

Flood

Nixon, Pat

Uccello, Paolo

Painting, Western

Jam And Lewis

Gaugamela, Battle Of

Esref Dynasty

Hull, Albert Wallace

Metamorphosis

Amelanchier

Furniture, Kitchen furniture and furnishings

Wakan

Yerkes, Robert M.

The Anti-suffragist

Alkali Flat

Ibn Al-athir

Alexander I

Austin, Louis Winslow

Dragon

Nagaland, The economy

Aelle

Computers, From Star Trek to Microsoft

La Galissonnière, Roland-michel Barrin, Marquis De

Andocides

Alizarin

Can Tho

Bukittinggi

Ashland

Cordgrass

Robber Fly

Bewick, Thomas

Ustaa

Arias Dávila, Pedro

Biblical Literature, Psalms

Mcgwire, Mark

Roland (de La Platière), Jeanne-marie

Raynaud's Disease

Raynaud's Disease

Mauritania, European intervention

Rockwell International Corporation

Egypt, The interwar period

Annatto

Amortization

Palamas, Saint Gregory

Burgess, Hugh

Leverhulme (of The Western Isles), William Hesketh Lever, 1st Viscount, Baron Leverhulme Of Bolton-le-moors

Vision

Maurist

Biblical Literature, Nature and significance

Biblical Literature, Nature and significance

Discus Fish

Ursuline

Paraguay, Flag Of

Ustaa